If the sourdough starter and butter have been stored in the refrigerator, let it sit at room temperature for thirty minutes to loosen up a bit. Preheat the oven to 400°.
Preheat a cast iron skillet. I do this by placing it on the stovetop over medium heat for about two minutes until it is very hot but NOT smoking. If it begins to smoke, I remove it from the heat until it cools slightly.
While the skillet is preheating, add the sourdough starter, baking powder, two tablespoons of softened butter, sugar, and half of the cinnamon and the sea salt to a mixing bowl. Stir to combine.
Add remaining two tablespoons of butter to the skillet and swirl it around the bottom and sides of the pan. It will melt and turn bubbly brown.
Pour the batter into then skillet with the melted butter. Gently spread it out, but DO NOT MIX IT WITH THE BUTTER. Sprinkle the top with oats, brown sugar and remaining cinnamon. Watch as the edges of the coffee cake begin to lightly fry and crisp up. After about two minutes, the edges will be almost fully cooked. Place the skillet in the oven to finish cooking for about ten minutes.
To serve, dust with powdered sugar. This coffee cake is best if eaten immediately, but can be stored at room temperature for about a day.